Microsoft Corporation

Companies & groups · US

Kategorija
Companies & groups
Būstinė
Redmond US
Registruota
2009-01-13
Deklaruotos metinės išlaidos
100 000–199 999 € (pačios deklaruota)
Svetainė
http://www.microsoft.com
Skaidrumo registras
0801162959-21 ↗
Susitikimai su EK
Pateiktos pozicijos
0
Pozicijos dokumentai
0
Paminėjimai spaudoje
Sumą deklaruoja pati organizacija Skaidrumo registre; institucijos jos netikrina.

Susitikimai pagal metus

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Šaltinis: Europos Komisijos skelbiami susitikimai, sutapatinti pagal skaidrumo registro numerį. n = 275 susitikimų; x — metai pagal susitikimo datą, y — susitikimų skaičius.

Susitikimai su Europos Komisija

Skelbiami tik susitikimai su Komisijos nariais, jų kabinetais ir generaliniais direktoriais. Susitikimai žemesniu lygiu ir daugelis kontaktų Parlamente bei Taryboje į registrą nepatenka.
DataPriėmėTema
2026-07-17Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyCSA2
2026-07-14Cabinet of President Ursula von der LeyenDiscussed outcomes of the recent G7 summit in Evian
2026-07-01Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyExchange of views on copyright and AI
2026-06-05Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyProposal for the Cloud and AI Development Act
2026-06-03Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéIndustry
2026-06-03Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéIndustry
2026-06-03Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéIndustry
2026-06-03Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéIndustry
2026-06-03Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéIndustry
2026-06-02Cabinet of Commissioner Maroš ŠefčovičEU economic security and trade agenda; sanctions; EU-US trade relations
2026-06-02Cabinet of Commissioner Maroš ŠefčovičEU economic security and trade agenda; sanctions; EU-US trade relations
2026-05-21Cabinet of Commissioner Dan JørgensenClean Energy Investment Strategy and CO2 storage
2026-05-21Cabinet of Commissioner Dan JørgensenClean Energy Investment Strategy and CO2 storage
2026-05-21Cabinet of Commissioner Dan JørgensenClean Energy Investment Strategy and CO2 storage
2026-05-21Cabinet of Commissioner Dan JørgensenClean Energy Investment Strategy and CO2 storage
2026-05-20Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezEU policies on digital markets, in particular on AI
2026-05-20Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezEU policies on digital markets, in particular on AI
2026-04-09Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenEU tech competitiveness and sovereignty agenda
2026-03-31Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyMicrosoft’s activities on GPAI
2026-03-31Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyMicrosoft’s activities on GPAI
2026-03-27Communications Networks, Content and TechnologySignatory Taskforce to the GPAI Code of Practice
2026-03-27Communications Networks, Content and TechnologySignatory Taskforce to the GPAI Code of Practice
2026-03-27Communications Networks, Content and TechnologySignatory Taskforce to the GPAI Code of Practice
2026-03-27Communications Networks, Content and TechnologySignatory Taskforce to the GPAI Code of Practice
2026-03-26Communications Networks, Content and TechnologySafeguards governing European clients’ data
2026-03-26Communications Networks, Content and TechnologySafeguards governing European clients’ data
2026-03-25TranslationMultilingual AI, Cultural Heritage & Open Innovation in Europe
2026-03-25TranslationMultilingual AI, Cultural Heritage & Open Innovation in Europe
2026-02-25Education, Youth, Sport and CultureMicrosoft Open Innovation Center: Multilingual AI, Cultural Heritage & Open Innovation in Europe
2026-02-25Education, Youth, Sport and CultureMicrosoft Open Innovation Center: Multilingual AI, Cultural Heritage & Open Innovation in Europe
2026-02-24Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyDiscussion on the data centres aspects of the Cloud and AI Development Ac
2026-02-13Cabinet of President Ursula von der LeyenExchange of views on Microsoft’s investments in the EU and engagement in Ukraine
2026-02-13Cabinet of President Ursula von der LeyenExchange of views on Microsoft’s investments in the EU and engagement in Ukraine
2026-02-12Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenDigital Fairness Act and videogames strategy
2026-02-12Justice and ConsumersExchange of views on the Digital Fairness Act (DFA)
2026-02-11Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyDigital and Sovereignty
2026-01-22Cabinet of Commissioner Michael McGrathDiscussion on data protection and e-evidence negotiations.
2025-12-10Education, Youth, Sport and CultureExchange of views on digital education policy
2025-12-03Cabinet of Commissioner Wopke HoekstraCarbon Removals
2025-12-03Cabinet of Commissioner Wopke HoekstraCarbon Removals
2025-11-24Climate ActionAI for climate action and potential future cooperation
2025-11-20Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenEU digital policy
2025-11-17Directorate-General for International PartnershipsDiscussion on priorities in international partnerships and common areas for co-operation.
2025-11-12Secretariat-GeneralViews on digital sovereignty
2025-11-07Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyImplementation of AI ACT
2025-10-29Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyDiscussion on the Cloud and AI Development Act and concerns over current framework.
2025-10-29Secretariat-GeneralMicrosoft's views on simplification in relation to environment.
2025-10-29Cabinet of Commissioner Jessika RoswallEnvironmental Omnibus: permitting
2025-10-29Secretariat-GeneralMicrosoft's views on simplification in relation to environment.
2025-10-28Cabinet of Commissioner Maroš ŠefčovičPriorities of the EU’s trade agenda
2025-10-28Cabinet of Commissioner Maroš ŠefčovičPriorities of the EU’s trade agenda
2025-10-28Cabinet of Commissioner Maroš ŠefčovičPriorities of the EU’s trade agenda
2025-10-23Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyExchange of views on the upcoming Digital Networks Act
2025-10-14Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéIndustrial issues
2025-10-14Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéIndustrial issues
2025-10-08Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs- Introduction to Microsoft Standards officer, also elected as the chair of JTC1- ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee as of 2026. - Exchange on the European Standardisation System - Revision Regulation 1025/2012
2025-09-29Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyData Centre and Cloud policies
2025-09-16Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezWomen Leaders’ Lunch on “Shaping Europe’s Competitiveness in the Digital Era”
2025-09-16Cabinet of Commissioner Magnus BrunnerExchange of views on security, the EU-U.S. e-evidence agreement, child sexual abuse and access to data.
2025-09-16Cabinet of High Representative/ Vice-President Kaja KallasCybersecurity
2025-09-16Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezWomen Leaders’ Lunch on “Shaping Europe’s Competitiveness in the Digital Era”
2025-09-15Justice and ConsumersMeeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”)
2025-09-15Justice and ConsumersMeeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”)
2025-09-15Justice and ConsumersMeeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”)
2025-09-15Justice and ConsumersMeeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”)
2025-09-11Cabinet of Commissioner Glenn MicallefPresenting the initiatives "Close the AI language gap" and "Safeguard Europe’s cultural heritage"
2025-09-11Cabinet of Commissioner Glenn MicallefPresenting the initiatives "Close the AI language gap" and "Safeguard Europe’s cultural heritage"
2025-09-02Directorate-General for International PartnershipsMicrosoft presented their activities in Africa
2025-07-08Justice and ConsumersExchange on policy and legislation as well as implementation of accessibility for persons with disabilities and on artificial intelligence
2025-06-26Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyBusiness Software Alliance and its members consultation on the EU’s upcoming Cloud and AI Development Act.
2025-06-26Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyBusiness Software Alliance and its members consultation on the EU’s upcoming Cloud and AI Development Act.
2025-06-26Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyBusiness Software Alliance and its members consultation on the EU’s upcoming Cloud and AI Development Act.
2025-06-25Cabinet of President Ursula von der LeyenClean transition, Digitalisation
2025-06-24Climate Action…search for clarity of the Commission’s vision for Europe’s competitiveness and climate action
2025-06-24Climate Action…search for clarity of the Commission’s vision for Europe’s competitiveness and climate action
2025-06-10Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyExchange of views on the GPAI Code of Practice
2025-06-04Cabinet of Commissioner Dan JørgensenDecarbonization, digitalisation
2025-06-04Cabinet of Commissioner Dan JørgensenDecarbonization, digitalisation
2025-06-03Cabinet of Commissioner Ekaterina ZaharievaAI in Science and for Startups
2025-05-22Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenGPAI Code of Practice
2025-05-20Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyGeneral-purpose AI model regulation and Code of Practice
2025-05-19EnergyDigitalisation and AI
2025-05-15Cabinet of Commissioner Hadja LahbibExchange views on advancing disability inclusion in Europe.
2025-05-06Cabinet of Commissioner Dubravka ŠuicaDemographic Policy
2025-05-06Cabinet of Commissioner Dubravka ŠuicaDemographic Policy
2025-04-30Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezExchange of views on EU policies of relevance to Microsoft, including digital regulation, and Microsoft’s European operations and investments
2025-04-30Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezExchange of views on EU policies of relevance to Microsoft, including digital regulation, and Microsoft’s European operations and investments
2025-04-30Cabinet of Commissioner Michael McGrathExchange of views on digital commitments, data protection and consumer protection
2025-04-22Cabinet of Commissioner Glenn MicallefDigital Affairs and Youth
2025-04-15Cabinet of Commissioner Michael McGrathExchange of views on the forthcoming Digital Fairness Act
2025-04-07Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenEU digital policy
2025-03-21Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenArtificial Intelligence
2025-03-18Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyExchange of views on the concept of ‘downstream modifier’
2025-03-18Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyExchange of views on the concept of ‘downstream modifier’
2025-03-13Cabinet of Commissioner Michael McGrathExchange on range of issues related to Commissioner’s portfolio including simplification, digital, data privacy and technology-related developments
2025-03-13Cabinet of Commissioner Michael McGrathExchange on range of issues related to Commissioner’s portfolio including simplification, digital, data privacy and technology-related developments
2025-03-05Cabinet of Commissioner Andrius KubiliusEuropean defence industry development
2025-03-04Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyExchange of views on the Code of Practice
2025-03-04Cabinet of Commissioner Michael McGrath…data protection , the role of AI, competitiveness and simplification
2025-03-03Justice and ConsumersExchange of views on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
2025-03-03Justice and ConsumersNegotiation on EU-US agreement on access to data
2025-02-28Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéMicrosoft’s perspective on the functioning of the sector
2025-02-28Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Stéphane SéjournéMicrosoft’s perspective on the functioning of the sector
2025-02-16Cabinet of Commissioner Magnus BrunnerExchange of views on the removal of harmful online content and cybersecurity.
2025-02-15Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenPrivate roundtable on transatlantic and global cooperation on tech organised on the margins of the Munich Security Conference
2025-02-15Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenPrivate roundtable on transatlantic and global cooperation on tech organised on the margins of the Munich Security Conference
2025-02-12Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezMicrosoft meeting the cabinet of the EVP in charge of competition
2025-02-12Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Teresa Ribera RodríguezMicrosoft meeting the cabinet of the EVP in charge of competition
2025-02-12Taxation and Customs UnionMeeting requested by Microsoft. Aim - to provide a deeper presentation of projects and experiences of the company that could be of application relevance to the Data Hub as described in the Customs Reform proposal.
2025-02-11Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyOpening Session: DSA roundtable discussions on online advertising (Article 46 DSA)
2025-02-11Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyOpening Session: DSA roundtable discussions on online advertising (Article 46 DSA)
2025-02-11Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyOpening Session: DSA roundtable discussions on online advertising (Article 46 DSA)
2025-02-11Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyOpening Session: DSA roundtable discussions on online advertising (Article 46 DSA)
2025-02-06Justice and ConsumersFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-02-06Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-02-06Justice and ConsumersFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-02-06Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-02-06Justice and ConsumersFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-02-06Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-02-06Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-02-06Justice and ConsumersFirst meeting between the Commission and Signatories on the implementation of the Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online+ (“Code of conduct+”), after its integration into the DSA framework
2025-01-22Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Henna VirkkunenEU tech agenda
2025-01-22Justice and Consumers…to discuss latest activities in consumer area, in particular Digital Fairness Act
2024-10-03Taxation and Customs UnionPhysical meeting - Discussion on how Microsoft could support DG TAXUD in general going forward
2024-09-16Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisDeepfakes and misinformation
2024-07-02Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisEU’s competitiveness, transatlantic relationship
2024-07-02Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisEU-US cooperation under Trade and Technology Council, Microsoft’s support for Ukraine and fight against disinformation
2024-07-02Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisEU’s competitiveness, transatlantic relationship
2024-07-02Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisEU-US cooperation under Trade and Technology Council, Microsoft’s support for Ukraine and fight against disinformation
2024-06-04Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováArtificial intelligence, elections, disinformation
2024-06-04Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe VestagerCompetition in AI and wider tech sector
2024-06-04Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováArtificial intelligence, elections, disinformation
2024-05-24Climate ActionFact or Fiction: Combatting disinformation and deepfakes ahead of the EU Elections – Microsoft Roundtable Luncheon, EUI SOU2024
2024-05-24Climate ActionFact or Fiction: Combatting disinformation and deepfakes ahead of the EU Elections – Microsoft Roundtable Luncheon, EUI SOU2024
2024-04-15Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováRoundtable with national authorities on elections
2024-04-15Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováRoundtable with national authorities on elections
2024-04-08Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováTech and Russian independent media
2024-04-08Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováTech and Russian independent media
2024-04-08Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováTech and Russian independent media
2024-03-11Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováAI in elections
2024-03-11Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováAI in elections
2024-02-16Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováArtificial Intelligence
2024-02-16Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováArtificial Intelligence
2024-01-17Cabinet of Commissioner Wopke HoekstraCOP28 and future COP meetings; energy systems; methane emissions
2024-01-10Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDMA
2024-01-10Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDMA
2023-11-16Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDMA
2023-08-02Cabinet of Commissioner Didier ReyndersArtificial intelligence
2023-06-29Cabinet of Commissioner Johannes HahnTechnological developments, AI, Cloud, Cybersecurity, Privacy, Public Sector.
2023-06-06Cabinet of Commissioner Helena DalliEU policy and regulatory measures on accessibility and Microsoft accessibility-related policy and initiatives.
2023-05-24Cabinet of Commissioner Didier ReyndersData protection and AI
2023-04-28Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe Vestager…large language models and search
2023-04-26Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDMA
2023-04-20Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe VestagerG7
2023-03-02Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe VestagerArtificial Intelligence act
2023-02-07Cabinet of President Ursula von der LeyenMeeting new VP for European Affairs on digital topics
2023-01-17Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováDisinformation, Political ads
2023-01-17Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováDisinformation, Political ads
2023-01-11Cabinet of Vice-President Margaritis SchinasCybersecurity Skills Academy
2022-10-03Cabinet of Commissioner Ylva JohanssonMeeting with Mr Brad Smith, CEO of Microsoft. Topics discussed - CSA and other digital topics from Commissioner Johansson portfolio
2022-10-03Cabinet of Commissioner Ylva JohanssonExchange of views on CSA
2022-10-03Cabinet of Commissioner Kadri SimsonAction plan for the digitalisation of the energy sector.
2022-09-06Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry Breton…meeting with the Green Digital Coalition - Main topic : state of play on sustainable digitalization
2022-09-06Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry Breton…meeting with the Green Digital Coalition - Main topic : state of play on sustainable digitalization
2022-07-07Cabinet of Commissioner Didier ReyndersUkraine and war crimes
2022-06-27Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisEU-U.S. Trade & Technology Council (TTC)
2022-06-27Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisEU-U.S. Trade & Technology Council (TTC)
2022-06-16Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováDisinformation
2022-06-16Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDisinformation
2022-06-16Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDisinformation
2022-06-16Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováDisinformation
2022-06-16Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováDisinformation
2022-06-16Cabinet of Commissioner Didier ReyndersData protection and privacy and workstreams concerning war crimes in Ukraine
2022-06-16Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDisinformation
2022-06-02Cabinet of Commissioner Ylva JohanssonThe participant’s and the EU efforts to prevent and tackle child sexual abuse.
2022-06-02Cabinet of Commissioner Ylva JohanssonThe participant’s and the EU efforts to prevent and tackle child sexual abuse.
2022-05-18Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováCode of Practice, Privacy Shield, DSA and political advertising
2022-05-18Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováCode of Practice, Privacy Shield, DSA and political advertising
2022-05-18Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe VestagerDigital policies
2022-03-28Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis Dombrovskis- Transatlantic relations - preparation of the TTC in May 2022 - Open Strategic Autonomy - Support to Ukraine
2022-03-17Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe VestagerDigital Policies
2022-03-15Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonMicrosoft approach to Europe’s digital plans
2022-03-15Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonMicrosoft approach to Europe’s digital plans
2022-02-28Cabinet of President Ursula von der LeyenCurrent developments in digital policies and, in particular, how Europe is updating EU competition rules and tools to the digital age.
2022-02-11Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Frans TimmermansGreen Deal
2021-12-03Cabinet of Commissioner Didier ReyndersData protection and safe data transfers
2021-09-23Cabinet of Commissioner Virginijus SinkevičiusExchange of views on the initiatives under the European Green Deal, in particular in the areas of circular economy, zero pollution and sustainable finance.
2021-09-23Cabinet of Commissioner Virginijus SinkevičiusExchange of views on the initiatives under the European Green Deal, in particular in the areas of circular economy, zero pollution and sustainable finance.
2021-09-20Directorate-General for International PartnershipsEU development agenda
2021-09-17Cabinet of Commissioner Jutta UrpilainenDigital connectivity in Africa; programming
2021-09-13Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisDevelopments on the Trade and Technology Council
2021-09-10Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováDisinformation
2021-09-10Cabinet of Vice-President Věra JourováDisinformation
2021-08-31Cabinet of Vice-President Dubravka ŠuicaCourtesy meeting as part of the Bled Forum
2021-08-31Cabinet of Vice-President Dubravka ŠuicaCourtesy meeting as part of the Bled Forum
2021-07-09Communications Networks, Content and TechnologyOngoing digital files
2021-06-29Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Valdis DombrovskisThe main topics for the meeting were: transatlantic relations with a focus on US-EU Trade and Technology Council; digital trade and WTO e-commerce negotiations; Digital angle of economic recovery.
2021-06-29Cabinet of Commissioner Mariya GabrielEuropean recovery, Twin transition, Digital and Regulatory agenda
2021-06-14Cabinet of Executive Vice-President Margrethe VestagerDigital taxation
2021-05-28Cabinet of Commissioner Thierry BretonDiscussions on cloud, platforms and AI regulation

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Ką pateikė viešoms konsultacijoms

2025-09-10 · Simplification of administrative burdens in environmental legislation ↗ originalus šaltinis
As a company committed to both the European Unions global competitiveness and its high environmental standards, Microsoft welcomes the Commissions initiative to streamline and modernize EU environmental legislation through the upcoming Environmental Omnibus. We recognize that simplification, harmonization, and the removal of duplicative or disproportionate requirements are essential to fostering a regulatory environment that supports innovation, investment, and sustainable growthboth for European and international businesses. A more coherent and digitally enabled framework will help ensure that environmental ambition is matched by administrative efficiency and legal clarity. In the attached…

Kokias ES temas nurodo sekanti

EU legislative proposals or policies on the following topics: artificial intelligence, digital safety, disinformation, privacy, lawful access, human rights, health, data, consumer, trade, standardization, taxation, IP, skills, accessibility, sustainability, energy, circular economy, cybersecurity, cloud, telecom, connectivity, critical infrastructures, competition.